"Halloween Storm" redirects here.For the 2011 nor'easter,see 2011 Halloween
nor'easter.

The 1991 Perfect Storm,also known as The No-Name Storm (especially in the
years immediately after it took place) and the Halloween Gale/Storm,was a
nor'easter that absorbed Hurricane Grace and ultimately evolved back into a
small unnamed hurricane late in its life cycle.The initial area of low
pressure developed off Atlantic Canada on October 29.Forced southward by a
ridge to its north,it reached its peak intensity as a large and powerful
cyclone.The storm lashed the east coast of the United States with high waves
and coastal flooding before turning to the southwest and weakening.Moving over
warmer waters,the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone before
becoming a tropical storm.It executed a loop off the Mid-Atlantic states and
turned toward the northeast.On November 1,the system evolved into a
full-fledged hurricane,with peak sustained winds of 75 miles per hour (120 km/
h),although the National Hurricane Center left it unnamed to avoid confusion
amid media interest in the precursor extratropical storm.It later received the
name "the Perfect Storm" (playing off the common expression) after a
conversation between Boston National Weather Service forecaster Robert Case and
author Sebastian Junger.The system was the twelfth and final tropical cyclone,
the eighth tropical storm,and fourth hurricane in the 1991 Atlantic hurricane
season.The tropical system weakened,striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm
before dissipating.

1991 "Perfect Storm"
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Unnamed Hurricane 01 nov 1991 1906Z.jpg
Satellite image of the unnamed hurricane at peak intensity on November 1
Formed October 28,1991 (1991-10-28)
Dissipated November 2,1991 (1991-11-03)
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 75 mph (120 km/h)
Lowest pressure 972 mbar (hPa); 28.7 inHg
Fatalities 13 direct
Damage > $200 million (1991 USD)
Areas affected Eastern United States,Eastern Canada
Part of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season

Damage from the storm totaled over $200 million (1991 USD)^[1] and the death
toll was thirteen.Most of the damage occurred while the storm was
extratropical,after waves up to 30 feet (10 m) struck the coastline from
Canada to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico.In Massachusetts,where
damage was heaviest,over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged.To the
north,more than 100 homes were affected in Maine,including the vacation home
of then-President George H.W.Bush.More than 38,000 people were left without
power,and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings.In
portions of New England,the damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob
two months earlier.Aside from tidal flooding along rivers,the storm's effects
were primarily concentrated along the coast.A buoy off the coast of Nova
Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m),the highest ever recorded
in the province's offshore waters.In the middle of the storm,the fishing
vessel Andrea Gail sank,killing her crew of six and inspiring the book,and
later movie,The Perfect Storm.Off the shore of New York's Long Island,an Air
National Guard helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed; four members of its crew
were rescued and one was killed.Two people died after their boat sank off
Staten Island.High waves swept two people to their deaths,one in Rhode Island
and one in Puerto Rico,and another person was blown off a bridge to his death.
The tropical cyclone that formed late in the storm's duration caused little
impact,limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in
Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm.

Contents

Meteorological historyEdit

Storm track beginning southeast of Canada as an extratropical storm,moving
westward toward New England,becoming tropical as it looped to the northeast,
and later dissipating over Prince Edward Island 

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm,according to the
Saffir–Simpson scale

The Perfect Storm originated from a cold front that exited the east coast of
the United States.On October 28,the front spawned an extratropical low to the
east of Nova Scotia.Around that time,a ridge extended from the Appalachian
Mountains northeastward to Greenland,with a strong high pressure center over
eastern Canada.The blocking ridge forced the extratropical low to track toward
the southeast and later to the west.Hurricane Grace was swept aloft by its
cold front into the warm conveyor belt circulation of the deep cyclone on
October 29.The cyclone significantly strengthened as a result of the
temperature contrast between the cold air to the northwest and the warmth and
humidity from the remnants of Hurricane Grace.The low pressure system
continued deepening as it drifted toward the United States.^[2] It had an
unusual retrograde motion for a nor'easter,beginning a set of meteorological
circumstances that occur only once every 50 to 100 years.^[3] Most nor'easters
affect New England from the southwest.^[4]

[220px-Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_] 

The tropical storm making landfall west of Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada,on
November 2

While situated about 390 miles (630 km) south of Halifax,Nova Scotia,the
storm attained its peak intensity with winds of up to 70 mph (110 km/h).^[2]
The nor'easter reached peak intensity at approximately 12:00 UTC on October 30
with its lowest pressure of 972 millibars.The interaction between the
extratropical storm and the high pressure system to its north created a
significant pressure gradient,which created large waves and strong winds.^[2]
Between the southern New England coast and the storm's center,the gradient was
70 mbar (2.1 inHg).^[5] A buoy located 264 miles (425 km) south of Halifax
reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m) on October 30.This became the
highest recorded wave height on the Scotian Shelf,which is the oceanic shelf
off the coast of Nova Scotia.^[6] East of Cape Cod,a NOAA buoy located at
41°06′N 66°36′W / 41.1°N 66.6°W / 41.1; -66.6 reported maximum sustained winds
of 56 mph (90 km/h) with gusts to 75 mph (121 km/h),and a significant wave
height (average height of the highest one-third of all waves) of 39 feet (12 m)
around 15:00 UTC on October 30.Another buoy,located at 40°30′N 69°30′W /
40.5°N 69.5°W / 40.5; -69.5,reported maximum sustained winds of 61 mph (98 km/
h) with gusts to 72 mph (116 km/h) and a significant wave height of 31 feet
(9.4 m) near 00:00 UTC on October 31.^[2]

Upon peaking in intensity,the nor'easter turned southward and gradually
weakened; by November 1,its pressure had risen to 998 millibars (29.5 inHg).
The low moved over warm waters of the Gulf Stream,where bands of convection
around the center began to organize.^[7] Around this time,the system attained
subtropical characteristics.On November 1,while the storm was moving in a
counter-clockwise loop,a tropical cyclone had been identified at the center of
the larger low.^[8] (Although these conditions are rare,Hurricane Karl during
1980 formed within a larger non-tropical weather system.)^[9]

By around 14:00 UTC on November 1,an eye feature was forming,and the tropical
cyclone reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph
(121 km/h);^[10]^[11] these estimates,combined with reports from an Air Force
Reserve Unit flight into the storm and confirmation that a warm-core center was
present,indicated that the system had become a Category 1 hurricane on the
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.The hurricane accelerated toward the northeast
and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.It made landfall near Halifax,
Nova Scotia,at 14:00 UTC on November 2,with sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/
h).While the storm was approaching the coast,weather radars depicted curved
rainbands on the western side of the system.^[8] After crossing over Prince
Edward Island,^[6] the storm fully dissipated late on November 2.^[8]

Preparations and namingEdit

[220px-Perfect_storm] 

The Perfect Storm to the south of Nova Scotia on October 30.

For several days,weather models forecast the development of a significant
storm off New England.^[5] However,the models were inadequate in forecasting
coastal conditions,which in one instance failed to provide adequate warning.
In addition,a post-storm assessment found an insufficient number of
observation sites along the coast.^[12] On October 27,the Ocean Prediction
Center noted that a "dangerous storm" would form within 36 hours,with its
wording emphasizing the unusual nature of the storm.^[13] The National Weather
Service likewise issued warnings for the potential storm,providing information
to emergency service offices as well as the media.^[12] The public however was
skeptical and did not recognize the threat.^[3]^[12] The timely warnings
ultimately lowered the death toll;^[12] whereas the Perfect Storm caused 13
deaths,the blizzard of 1978 killed 99 people,and the 1938 New England
hurricane killed 564 people.^[5]

From Massachusetts to Maine,thousands of people evacuated their homes and
sought shelter.^[14] A state of emergency was declared for nine counties in
Massachusetts,including Suffolk County,as well as two in Maine.^[4]^[15] In
North Carolina,the National Weather Service offices in Hatteras and Raleigh
first issued a heavy surf advisory on October 27,more than eight hours before
the first reports of high waves.That same day,a coastal flood watch and later
a warning was issued,along with a gale warning.The Hatteras NWS office
ultimately released 19 coastal flood statements,as well as media reports
explaining the threat from the wind and waves,and a state of emergency was
declared for Dare County,North Carolina.^[14] The warnings and lead times in
the region were described as "very good".^[16]

In Canada,the threat from the storm prompted the cancellation of ferry service
from Bar Harbor,Maine,to Yarmouth,Nova Scotia,as well as from Nova Scotia
to Prince Edward Island and between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.^[6]

In its tropical cyclone report on the hurricane,the National Hurricane Center
only referred to the system as "Unnamed Hurricane".^[7] The Natural Disaster
Survey Report called the storm "The Halloween Nor'easter of 1991".^[5] The "
perfect storm" moniker was coined by author and journalist Sebastian Junger
after a conversation with NWS Boston Deputy Meteorologist Robert Case in which
Case described the convergence of weather conditions as being "perfect" for the
formation of such a storm.^[3] Other National Weather Service offices were
tasked with issuing warnings for this storm in lieu of the typical NHC
advisories.The OPC posted warnings on the unnamed hurricane in its High Seas
Forecasts.^[13] The National Weather Service State Forecast Office in Boston
issued Offshore Marine Forecasts for the storm.Local NWS offices along the
East coast covered the storm in their Coastal Waters Forecasts.^[17]

Beginning in 1950,the National Hurricane Center named officially recognized
tropical storms and hurricanes.The unnamed hurricane was reported to have met
all the criteria for a tropical cyclone,but it was purposefully left unnamed.
This was done to avoid confusion among the media and the public,who were
focusing on the damage from the initial nor'easter,as the hurricane itself was
not expected to pose a major threat to land.It was the eighth nameable storm
of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season.^[8]^[18] Had the system been named
instead,it would have received the name Henri,which was the next name on the
1991 list after Grace.

ImpactEdit

[220px-Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront] 

Oceanfront flooding in Ocean City,New Jersey

The Halloween Storm of 1991 left significant damage along the east coast of the
United States,primarily in Massachusetts and southern New Jersey.Across seven
states,damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD).^[1] Over a three-day
period,the storm lashed the northeastern United States with high waves,^[5]
causing damage to beachfront properties from North Carolina to Maine.^[12] The
coastal flooding damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses and
closed roads and airports.^[2] In addition,high winds left about 38,000 people
without power.The total without power was much less than for Hurricane Bob two
months prior,and was fairly low due to little rainfall and the general lack of
leaves on trees.^[15] Overall there were thirteen confirmed deaths,^[5]^[6]
including six on board Andrea Gail,a swordfishing boat.The vessel departed
Gloucester,Massachusetts,for the waters off Nova Scotia.After encountering
high seas in the middle of the storm,the vessel made its last radio contact
late on October 28,about 180 miles (290 km) northeast of Sable Island.Andrea
Gail sank while returning to Gloucester,her debris washing ashore over the
subsequent weeks.The crew of six was presumed killed after a Coast Guard
search was unable to find them.The storm and the boat's sinking became the
center-piece for Sebastian Junger's best-selling non-fiction book The Perfect
Storm (1997),which was adapted to a major Hollywood film in 2000 as The
Perfect Storm starring George Clooney.^[2]^[19]

[220px-USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1] 

Tamaroa,a Coast Guard cutter that rescued the crew of a downed Air National
Guard helicopter

Despite the storm's severity,it was neither the costliest nor the strongest to
affect the northeastern United States.It was weakening as it made its closest
approach to land,and the highest tides occurred during the neap tide,which is
the time when tide ranges are minimal.^[5] The worst of the storm effects
stayed offshore.A buoy 650 miles (1,050 km) northeast of Nantucket,which was
60 miles (97 km) west of Andrea Gail's last known position,recorded a 73 ft
(22 m) rise in wave height in 10 hours while the extratropical storm was still
rapidly intensifying.Two buoys near the Massachusetts coast observed record
wave heights,and one observed a record wind report.^[5] The United States
Coast Guard rescued 25 people at sea at the height of the storm,^[20] including
13 people from Long Island Sound.^[4] A New York Air National Guard helicopter
of the 106th Air Rescue Wing ditched during the storm,90 miles (140 km) south
of Montauk,New York,after it was unable to refuel in flight and ran out of
fuel.After the helicopter had attempted a rescue in the midst of the storm,an
84-person crew on the Coast Guard Cutter Tamaroa arrived and rescued four
members of the crew of five after six hours in hypothermic waters.The
survivors were pilots Dave Ruvola and Graham Bushor,flight engineer Jim
Miolli,and pararescue jumper John Spillane.The fifth member,pararescue
jumper Rick Smith,was never found.^[21] They were all featured on the show I
Shouldn't be Alive.^[4]^[15]^[22]

Following the storm's damage,President George H.W.Bush declared five
counties in Maine,seven counties in Massachusetts,and Rockingham County,New
Hampshire to be disaster areas.^[1] The declaration allowed for the affected
residents to apply for low-interest repair loans.^[23] New Jersey governor Jim
Florio requested a declaration for portions of the coastline,but the request
was denied because of the funding needs of other disasters,such as Hurricane
Hugo,Hurricane Bob,and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.^[24] The American Red
Cross opened service centers in four locations in Massachusetts to assist the
storm victims by providing food,clothing,medicine,and shelter.The agency
deployed five vehicles carrying cleanup units and food,and allocated $1.4
million to provide assistance to 3,000 families.^[23]

New England and Atlantic CanadaEdit

Along the Massachusetts coastline,the storm produced 25 ft (7.6 m) wave
heights on top of a 4 ft (1.2 m) high tide.^[1] In Boston,the highest tide was
14.3 ft (4.4 m),^[5] which was only 1 ft (30 cm) lower than the record from the
blizzard of 1978.^[1] High waves on top of the storm tide reached about 30 ft
(9.1 m).The storm produced heavy rainfall in southeastern Massachusetts,
peaking at 5.5 inches (140 mm).^[5] Coastal floods closed several roads,
forcing hundreds of people to evacuate.In addition to the high tides,the
storm produced strong winds; Chatham recorded a gust of 78 mph (126 km/h).
Damage was worst from Cape Ann in northeastern Massachusetts to Nantucket,with
over 100 homes destroyed or severely damaged at Marshfield,North Beach,and
Brant Point.There were two injuries in the state,although there were no
fatalities.Across Massachusetts,damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of
dollars.^[1]

[170px-Perfect_Storm_Oce] 

Street flooding in Ocean City,New Jersey,from the storm

Elsewhere in New England,waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) reached as far north as
Maine,^[1] along with tides that were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal.^[20]
Significant flooding was reported in that state,along with high winds that
left areas without power.A total of 49 houses were severely damaged,2 were
destroyed,^[1] and overall more than 100 were affected.^[25] In Kennebunkport,
the storm blew out windows and flooded the vacation home of then-President
George H.W.Bush.^[2] The home sustained significant damage to its first
floor.^[26] In Portland,tides were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal,among the ten
highest tides since record-keeping began in 1914.Along the coast,damage was
worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months prior.^[25] Across Maine,
the storm left $7.9 million (1991 USD) in damage,^[1] mostly in York County.^
[25] More than half of the damage total was from property damage,with the
remainder to transportation,seawalls,and public facilities.^[25] Although
there were no deaths,there were two injuries in the state.In neighboring New
Hampshire,coastal flooding affected several towns,destroying two homes.The
storm destroyed three boats and damaged a lighthouse.^[1] High waves destroyed
or swept away over 50,000 lobster traps,representing $2 million in losses
(1991 USD).^[27] Damage was estimated at $5.6 million (1991 USD).^[1] Further
west,high winds and coastal flooding lashed the Rhode Island and Connecticut
coasts,killing a man in Narragansett,Rhode Island.Winds reached 63 miles per
hour (101 km/h) in Newport,Rhode Island,causing power outages.^[1]

Off the coast of Atlantic Canada,the storm produced very high waves,flooding
a ship near Sable Island and stranding another ship.Along the coast,the waves
wrecked three small boats near Tiverton,Nova Scotia,as well as nine boats in
Torbay,Newfoundland and Labrador.In Nova Scotia,where the storm made
landfall,precipitation reached 1.18 in (30 mm),and 20,000 people in Pictou
County were left without power.The storm also caused widespread power outages
in Newfoundland from its high winds,which reached 68 mph (110 km/h) near St.
Lawrence.There were at least 35 traffic accidents,one fatal,in Grand
Falls-Windsor due to slick roads.Prior to the storm's formation,there was a
record 4.4 in (116 mm) of snowfall across Newfoundland.^[6] The storm caused no
significant damage in Canada,other than these traffic accidents.^[28]

Mid-Atlantic statesEdit

[220px-Halloween_storm_30_oct_1] 

The cyclone near its closest approach to the United States

In New York and northern New Jersey,the storm system left the most coastal
damage since the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane.Numerous boats were damaged or
destroyed,killing two people off Staten Island.High winds swept a man off a
bridge,killing him.^[1] High waves flooded the beach at Coney Island.In Sea
Bright,New Jersey,waves washed over a seawall,forcing 200 people to
evacuate.^[4] Further inland,the Hudson,Passaic,and Hackensack rivers
experienced tidal flooding.^[2] Outside Massachusetts,damage was heaviest in
southern New Jersey,where the cost was estimated at $75 million (1991 USD).
Across the area,tide heights reached their highest since the 1944 hurricane,
leaving severe coastal and back bay flooding and closing many roads.The storm
caused significant beach erosion,^[1] with 500,000 cubic yards (382,000 cubic
meters) lost in Avalon,as well as $10 million damage to the beach in Cape May.
The presence of a dune system mitigated the erosion in some areas.^[24] There
was damage to the Atlantic City Boardwalk.^[4] Fire Island National Seashore
was affected,washing away an entire row of waterfront houses in towns like
Fair Harbor.Following the storm,there was a moratorium on clamming in the
state's bays,due to contaminated waters.^[24] Along the Delmarva Peninsula and
Virginia Beach,there was widespread water damage to homes,including ten
affected houses in Sandbridge Beach,Virginia.Tides in Ocean City,Maryland,
reached a record height of 7.8 ft (2.4 m),while elsewhere the tides were
similar to the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962.^[1]

Farther southEdit

In North Carolina along the Outer Banks,high waves were initially caused by
Hurricane Grace and later its interaction with a high pressure system.This
produced gale-force winds and 12 ft (3.7 m) waves in the town of Duck.Later,
the extratropical predecessor to the unnamed hurricane produced additional high
waves,causing oceanfront flooding from Cape Hatteras through the northern
portions of Currituck County.Flooding was first reported on October 28,when
the ocean covered a portion of North Carolina Highway 12 north of Rodanthe;^
[16] the route is the primary thoroughfare in the Outer Banks.^[20] Nags Head,
Kitty Hawk,and Kill Devil Hills had large portions covered with water for
several blocks away from the beach.The resultant flooding damaged 525 houses
and 28 businesses and destroyed two motels and a few homes.^[16] Damage was
estimated at $6.7 million (1991 USD).^[1] Farther south,the storm left 14
people injured in Florida.There was minor beach erosion and flooding,which
damaged two houses and destroyed the pier at Lake Worth.^[1] In some locations,
beaches gained additional sand from the wave action.^[29] Two people went
missing off Daytona Beach after their boat lost power.^[4] High waves destroyed
a portion of State Road A1A.^[30] Damage in the state was estimated at $3
million (1991 USD).^[1] High waves also affected Bermuda,the Bahamas,and the
Dominican Republic.^[2] In Puerto Rico,waves of 15 ft (4.6 m) affected the
island's north coast,which prompted 32 people to seek shelter.The waves swept
a person off a large rock to his death.^[1]

See alsoEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unnamed Hurricane (1991).

• [32p] Tropical cyclones portal

• 1991 Halloween blizzard
• Hurricane Sandy
• North Atlantic tropical cyclone
• List of New England hurricanes
• List of Canada hurricanes

ReferencesEdit

1.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k ^l ^m ^n ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s McCown,Sam
(August 20,2008).""Perfect Storm" Damage Summary" (PDF).National
Climatic Data Center.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Retrieved April 5,2019.
2.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i National Climatic Data Center (August 20,
2008)."The Perfect Storm".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
.Retrieved September 14,2009.
3.^ ^a ^b ^c "NOAA Meteorologist Bob Case,the Man Who Named the Perfect
Storm".National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration News.June 16,
2000.Archived from the original on July 16,2011.Retrieved July 1,2011.
4.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Staff writer (October 31,1991)."East battered by
storm born off Canada; 4 lost".The Pittsburgh Press.Associated Press.
Retrieved July 3,2011.
5.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j Drag,Walter (July 14,2000)."A
comparative retrospective on the Perfect Storm".Boston National weather
Service Office.Retrieved July 1,2011.
6.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Canadian Hurricane Centre (September 14,2010).
"1991-Unnamed "Perfect Storm"".Environment Canada.Retrieved June 17,2011
.
7.^ ^a ^b Pasch,Richard."Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 1".
National Hurricane Center.Retrieved September 14,2009.
8.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d National Climatic Data Center."Unnamed Hurricane".National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived from the original on
December 7,2013.Retrieved September 14,2009.
9.^ Pasch,Richard; Avila,Lixion (March 26,1992)."Atlantic Hurricane
Season of 1980" (PDF).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
p. 2686.Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7,2010.Retrieved
September 13,2009.
10.^ Pasch,Richard."Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 2".National
Hurricane Center.Retrieved September 14,2009.
11.^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database).United
States National Hurricane Center.May 10,2019.Retrieved June 10,2019.
12.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Executive Summary" (PDF).National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29,
2011.Retrieved July 1,2011.
13.^ ^a ^b Hoke,Jim (February 16,2005)."The Ocean Prediction Center and
"The Perfect Storm"".Oceanic Prediction Center.National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved July 1,2011.
14.^ ^a ^b Rogers,John (October 31,1991)."Atlantic Storm Wallops East
Coast".The Item.Associated Press.Retrieved July 3,2011.
15.^ ^a ^b ^c Staff writer (October 31,1991)."Wind and water take toll along
Connecticut Shore".Record-Journal.Associated Press.Retrieved July 3,
2011.
16.^ ^a ^b ^c Pelissier,Joseph (1991)."North Carolina Coastal Flood" (GIF).
National Hurricane Center.Retrieved June 16,2011.
17.^ Pasch,Richard (1991)."Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 4".
National Hurricane Center.Retrieved June 16,2011.
18.^ "Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 1991".Canadian Hurricane
Centre.July 10,2009.Retrieved September 14,2009.
19.^ Park,Paula (November 11,1991)."Search Ended for Lost Fishermen".
Sarasota Herald-Tribune.Retrieved July 3,2011.
20.^ ^a ^b ^c Staff writer (September 11,2011)."Storms turn elements loose:
waves,flood,snow,wind".Star-News.Retrieved July 3,2011.
21.^ "Surviving The Perfect Storm - Air National Guard" (PDF).Archived from
the original (PDF) on December 3,2013.Retrieved October 1,2013.
22.^ Thiesen,William H.(November 4,2010)."History – CGC Tamaroa and "The
Perfect Storm"".Coastguard Compass.Archived from the original on March
18,2012.Retrieved July 3,2011.
23.^ ^a ^b Staff writer (November 2,1991)."Red Cross Opens Assistance
Shelters".The Sunday Telegraph.Associated Press.Retrieved July 3,2011.
24.^ ^a ^b ^c Buchholz,Margaret; Larry Savadove (1993).Great Storms of the
Jersey Shore.Down the Shore Publishing.pp. 148–150.ISBN 0-945582-51-X.
25.^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hidlay,William C.(November 1,1991)."Maine hit hard by
storm".Bangor Daily News.Associated Press.Retrieved July 3,2011.
26.^ Staff writer (October 31,1991)."Bush to assess damage to Kennebunkport
home battered by sea".The Pittsburgh Press.Associated Press.Retrieved
July 3,2011.
27.^ Staff writer (November 2,1991)."N.H.lobster industry says it was hit
hard".The Telegraph.Associated Press.Retrieved July 3,2011.
28.^ Pasch,Richard."Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 3".National
Hurricane Center.Retrieved September 14,2009.
29.^ Herzog,Carl (November 2,1991)."Erosion is a sampling of hurricane's
potential".Boca Raton News.Retrieved July 3,2011.
30.^ Staff writer (November 1,1991)."Wintry blast sends snow into Texas".
The News-Journal.Retrieved July 3,2011.

*
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